How to write in an academic style

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• Am I using formal language?

  Using formal language is an essential feature of academic writing. When you are editing your work, check for the use of informal language and use more formal expressions instead. For example:

  Informal:People think that bad leaders point their fingers at people who make mistakes so dangers aren’t dealt with properly.
  
  Formal:Poor leadership has been associated with cultures of blame as well ineffective risk management (Bartlett et al., 2008).

  Here are some more examples:

  Informal	formal
  a lot of go up / go down things really big can't / shouldn't	a significant number of increase / decrease factors, aspects, characteristics considerable cannot / should not

• Is my writing objective?

  Academic writing requires an objective tone in order to emphasise that the claims being made are evidence-based rather than just being the writer’s personal opinion. One way of achieving this is to write in an impersonal voice.

  First person	becomes third person
  I argue that ...	This essay argues that …
  We thought the results were ...	The results appeared to be ...

  Second person	becomes third person
  You may find it difficult to replicate this experiment.	Replications of the experiment may be difficult.

  Another way to write in an academic style is to use cautious or tentative language, sometimes referred to as ‘hedging’. For example:

  Such values may reduce the risk of errors through the reduction of workplace stress.
  
  suggests that….

  This is preferred because:

  • all data is open to different interpretations.

• Am I making my point concisely?

  Often, the more words you include, the more difficult it becomes for the reader to understand your meaning. Achieving concise writing usually requires several revisions through editing your draft.

  For example,

  Compare this:
  
  The ideas, notions and thoughts surrounding all-inclusive and broad clinician accountability and clinical governance may be thought of, and understood to be, as two elements that both assist and support one another as well as rely and depend on each another. (Word count: 41)
  
  With this:
  
  The concepts of comprehensive clinician accountability and clinical governance may be considered complementary and interdependent. (Word count: 15)

• Have I evaluated the evidence?

  Academic writing usually requires you to present your position on a topic in a logical way based on evidence discovered through research. Your lecturer needs to know not just what you have read but what you think about what you have read.

  For example, you can give your perspective regarding the following:

  The literature is correct:
  
  The results of this study strongly suggest that the use of concept maps is an effective revision strategy.
  
  The literature is incorrect:
  
  Although the study claims that concept maps are an effective study technique, there are significant flaws in the authors’ interpretation of their findings. For example....
  
  The literature is neither correct nor incorrect (i.e. your attitude is neutral):The research suggests that….
  
  The existing evidence is contradictory and does not conclusively support either the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of concept mapping as a revision strategy.

  Refer to a list of reporting verbs for ideas on how to use them in your academic writing.

• Where can I find out more about academic writing?

  Writing Guides and Online Self-help Assistance

  Arts and Social Sciences Faculty Writing Guide  

  Business  School Writing Guide

  Law Faculty Writing Guide

  Writing at University Infographic 

  Copilot: a Generative AI tool that may help with academic writing by support you to correct grammar and to improve writing style, readability, conciseness and overall quality. It can also teach grammar. You can access the protected (enterprise) version of Microsoft Copilot by logging into your UTS account using Microsoft 365.