Plug-in batteries: a new source of flexibility in the energy transition

As electricity systems transition towards higher shares of renewable energy, there is growing interest in technologies that can help manage peak demand and reduce pressure on electricity networks. In 2026, Institute for Sustainable Futures researchers Rusty Langdon, Sarah Niklas and Jamie Chen led an international study examining plug-in battery energy storage systems (plug-in BESS), an emerging technology that enables households to store electricity using batteries that can be connected through a standard power outlet.  

Commissioned through the International Energy Agency (IEA) 4E EDNA Platform, the research explored emerging market uptake and regulatory frameworks associated with this rapidly growing market. Plug-in batteries are valued for their consumer access benefits and affordability, however, the project also identified a broader opportunity: their potential to provide demand flexibility services that can support more efficient operation of electricity networks.  

Informing policy for emerging technologies

The study examined the opportunities and challenges associated with plug-in battery energy storage systems, an emerging technology that is already gaining traction in international markets. Unlike conventional household batteries, plug-in batteries can be connected through a standard power outlet, making them easier and faster to deploy while reducing reliance on specialist installation services. This has the potential to accelerate access to energy storage, particularly in regions experiencing shortages of qualified electricians and solar installers.  

The research also identified broader energy system benefits. When paired with rooftop or plug-in solar systems, plug-in batteries can store excess renewable energy and discharge during periods of peak demand, helping to reduce pressure on electricity networks, lower system costs and support higher penetrations of renewable energy. The technology specifically opens up access to clean energy for consumers who have traditionally been excluded, including renters and apartment residents.  

At the same time, the report found that the rapid emergence of the market has outpaced policy and regulatory frameworks in many jurisdictions. Performance characteristics, safety requirements and interoperability arrangements are not yet well understood, highlighting the need for improved standards, transparency and consumer information to support safe and effective deployment.  

The findings were presented at an International Energy Agency webinar attended by policymakers, researchers and industry stakeholders from around the world, helping to inform discussions on the role of emerging distributed energy technologies in delivering more flexible, affordable and resilient electricity systems. 

Related publication: Plug-in Battery Energy Storage Systems 
https://www.iea-4e.org/edna/publications/plug-in-battery-energy-storage-systems/